Antitheatricalism – Ben Jonson

Antitheatricalism in Light of Ben Jonson's  Volpone Commentary by Joel Culpepper Crossdressing in England was mostly opposed by the Fundamentalist branch of the Protestant Church known as the Puritans. The Puritan dogma, much like the concept of transvestism, was constantly challenged. Puritans found resistance in the religious authorities of the Church of England and the English government. Before 1536, the Roman Catholic Church was unimpeded and always won over Puritan proposals regarding legislation. Without a cooperative political ear, the Puritans resorted to experimental spiritual expression by changing their social behavior and structuring. Due to these changes, a formidable way of attacking the theater's use of crossdressing was developed- public preaching and pamphlets. Other individuals and groups (like the Juvenalians) supported the moral and social reform movement by speaking and writing essays and books on the subject. Due to the nature the actor's role in Ben Jonson's  Volpone, the play was also implicated in this moral battle. The ideology behind the Puritan protest was based on biblical sentiment and the patristic literary tradition of Roman writers like Tertullian and St. Augustine. The Puritan's religious banner for combatting gender transgression was Deuteronomy 22:5- ‘The woman shall not wear that which pertains to a man, neither shall a man put on a woman's garment' (Tiffany 58). In general, pagan myths were also associated with crossdressing. Puritans like William Pryne labeled these actors as â€Å"beastly male monsters† that â€Å"degenerate into women† (Tiffany 59). Further, the Puritans feared that men dressing as women caused the men in the audience to lust for real females and to form homoerotic desires for the male actors (the reverse was also true for women). The Puritan fear also opposed androgynous Renaissance clothing and women's â€Å"male† hairstyles, as documented in Phillip Stubbes' 1583  Anatomy of Abuses. Jonson was more than aware of these Puritan sentiments. In  Volpone, Volpone hopes Celia will submit sexually and â€Å"have [her] in more modern forms†¦ such as a â€Å"Brave Tuscan lady, or proud Spanish beauty† (Campbell 3. 7. 226, 228). Volpone seems to be conveyor of Jonson's acknowledgment of the actor's transformative ability – a part of the playwright's (and the actor's) self concern of the real drama within a play, or metadrama. In Volpone's subsequent proposal to Celia, crossdressing is coupled with androgyny. Male and female spirits are joined in harmony because their lips â€Å"transfuse [their] wandering souls† (Campbell 3. 7. 234). One's point of view might relate this as a matter of homosexual or heterosexual sex. The passage could also (ironically) refer to the Puritan sponsored sacrament of marriage- a holy sacrament. It must also be mentioned thatVolpone's ending also provides an element of punishment for sins- lust, avarice and deception being among them. Jonson's blatant use of classical satire as farce links the feminine male with naivety or aggressiveness that demeans love and advocates the scholarly, independent male identity. The female image in his plays is often masculine- true to the actor's real physicality and the surrounding male chauvinist population. Interestingly, Jonson allows the head male character ,Volpone, to be exceedingly great at his craft of deception while the virtuous Celia adopts an irrational, painful way to keep herself a virgin. Celia vows she will swallow hot coals rather than submit to Volpone's desires. The Puritans' homophobia is also apparent in  Volpone. Volpone makes sure (through explanation) that even though he acted the part of Antonias (a supposed lover of a gay king) for the non-heterosexual King Henry III, he is a ladies' man. Volpone claims that he â€Å"attracted/ The eyes and ears of all the ladies present† (Campbell 3. 7. 164). In another reversal of gender, Lady Would-be notices her husband with someone she believes to be a female prostitute dressed as a young man. After belittling her husband for this by calling him a client of a â€Å"female devil,† she realizes her mistake and apologizes. This situation supports the possibility that Jonson believed the Puritans were making a mistake (like Lady Would-Be) in ignoring permanent, masculine reality and challenging the temporary ,imaginative, and effeminate role of actors for immorality. Morality, the main goal of the Antitheatrical movement in the Renaissance, was both supported and denounced by Jonson in various ways. However, the general perception is that Jonson (unlike Shakespeare) fueled the fires of degradation- implicating women with the weakness, lack of intelligence, and reason they were believed to exude. In the annals of theatrical history, Jonson's metadrama could be said to perpetuate this social stereotype. Nevertheless, Jonson's crossing of the gender line and sexual scenes like Volpone's â€Å"flashing† of Celia were enough to have religious, moral, and social commentators screaming blood murder. Two issues demand prominence in the play. While outwardly a play driven by blatant genderless controversy, the inward thematic, character-driven nature of  Volpone  suggests a conformity and adherence to the intellectual and theological moralism of the time. http://www. english. uga. edu/cdesmet/joel/PURITAN. html

Performance Appraisal – Running Over Town-Terry Popple, A Little Time- Beautiful South, and Sweet Georgia Brown- B.Bernie/M. Pinkard/K. Casey

The three pieces I have studied are: 1. Running Over Town-Terry Popple 2. A Little Time- Beautiful South 3. Sweet Georgia Brown- B.Bernie/M. Pinkard/K. Casey I have decided to perform Running Over Town for my performance piece. This song is a country- rock. The main feature of this piece is the changing mood of the song. The drum kit makes an impact with the well- placed fills and the different beats used. The fills used paradidles and double strokes. The song has a good ABAC structure. The use of a rim click and the bell of the cymbal adds to the feel of the piece and makes it stand out. When I performed this I added three stroke ruffs in the fills and adapted them to how I thought would sound best. This is what the composer tells you to do in the piece Using a drum kit, bass guitar, lead guitar and a keyboard gives the song a fairly thick texture and a range of instruments. The dynamics used on the drum kit emphasise the main parts of the song, where the theme changes and where the song is developed. In this piece I think that the range of my instrument is fully explored because a variety of fills are used. Also, more than one voice is played. These voices are: * the cymbal – as well as hitting it normally the bell of the cymbal is used * the snare drum – it is hit with the snare on and a rim click is also played * the hi-hat – it is played closed and open. Therefore the drum kit has been explored and various different sounds are produced. Three special performing techniques are used in this piece. The first is the opening of the hi-hat which produces a splash sound which cannot be made anywhere else on the kit. The second is the playing of the bell of the cymbal which adds to the different sounds coming from the cymbals. Lastly the rim click is used which helps convey the mood and theme of the piece. This piece is originally composed for the drum kit and has not been arranged for it. My instrument relates to the others in the ensemble by playing the rhythm and keeping the time. It adds to the texture of the piece and influences the whole sound when all the instruments play as one. It is vital to the piece as it would not sound right with out it because someone needs to play the rhythm. The links between my performance piece and the others that I have studied is that they all use rim clicks throughout the song to enhance the sound of the piece. This is also a performing technique that is required to give the desired effect while playing the piece. In my performance piece I also had to splash the hi-hat, use varied fills, play on the bell of a cymbal and add dynamics. All these are performance techniques that the composer has decided to use. The first two pieces use regular eighth note grooves with a backbeat on 1 and 3. This is common of rock music. But the third piece is a jazz piece which uses an advanced jazz groove which involves triplets, as all jazz grooves do. The expectation of the pieces affects the way they are composed. If the audience was expecting a slow piece performed by an orchestra then the composer would have to change his or her ideas and add more instruments. For example, the composer might slow the piece down and replace the drum kit or guitar with a string section of the orchestra. The pieces would also be performed differently in that the performers may feel like playing the piece faster because the audience prefers energetic music. All of my chosen pieces are notated in the same way but not composed in the same way as they are all different styles of music. The first piece is a country- rock piece so is played with a jerky guitar and has quite a fast tempo (allegro). Also it has a piano playing the main melody. The second piece is rock and sounds a lot like the first but it uses string instruments instead of the guitar and it also uses a keyboard to play the melody. Unlike the others the song has two singers. At the beginning it sounds like the first piece as it uses a keyboard, a rim click and a groove similar to the drummer in the first piece. The third piece is a lot different as it is a different style of music. It is a jazz piece so the drummer uses a jazz groove which is played using triplets unlike the two other drummers. A keyboard is used in this piece but is used in a different way to the others, and it doesn't play the melody all the way through. There is a double bass in this and a saxophone along with a keyboard and a drum kit. My Performance When I performed my piece under exam conditions in front of the two music teachers I think that it went well, because when I played the grooves in the piece I played them smoothly and correctly. Also, when I performed I played confidently and made few mistakes although, to keep the rhythm perfect I thought that I would have played better with the backing track so I could hear when the rhythm changed by listening to the other instruments. I also think that I added the dynamics well and played at the right tempo. The fills that I added also fitted the piece and added extra to the overall sound of the piece. I think my performance was played as the composer intended it to be played as I had played along with a backing track while practicing and this helped me to play the right sort of style. I also think that this was played in the same style and theme as the composer had intended. There were a few special features in my performance piece. There was a rim click which was used in a certain groove which enhanced the piece as it suited the country style. Along with this I played the bell of the ride cymbal. Another technique I used was splashing the hi-hat. This is when you take your foot off the hi-hat and play it with your hand as the hi-hat is being released. I think that I handled the difficult bars with ease as I decided to play a piece that I could handle instead of one that I would make mistakes in because it was too hard. I might have improved the piece by playing it with headphones to help me keep in time as I didn't have the backing track on and therefore I could have enhanced the sound because I would be playing with a better rhythm and style. Overall, I think I performed my piece well and gave a memorable and convincing performance, but there is room for improvement. Composition Brief My composition brief is to compose a piece that shows the different uses of a rim click in three or more genres of music. I also hope to show that the drum kit has been explored in my composition and that it has been used to its full potential. I am going to use rim clicks in: basic quarter, eighth and sixteenth note rock grooves; shuffles; Latin and jazz grooves. Along with the grooves I am going to add some fills. I am also hoping to add dynamics and texture to the piece as at the beginning it will start with only one hand playing the kit and then increase to using all my limbs. I am going to use techniques that I have studied and liked. This brief relates to the pieces that I have studied as it uses a rim click which is what my three chosen pieces have in common. I am going to expand, develop and explore this technique in my composition. This is in all the three pieces I have studied but I particularly liked it in the first piece (Running Over Town). I am going to use this technique in jazz and shuffle grooves which both revolve around triplet feels. I have used the jazz grooves from the third piece but have made them simpler and added my own style to them. The rock grooves are played straight and do not need as much care as the other grooves. These I have taken from the second piece I have studied as I think that they are very affective. Also, the Latin bossa nova groove does the same thing. This is just something I want to add because I think that it will give the composition a wide range of genres. I intend to use a few special techniques in my composition which include using ghost notes (which is when you play a note quieter than the others), a rim click, splashing the hi-hat and hitting the bell of the cymbal. Using these techniques would help me fulfil my composition brief as it would show how the drum kit is being used at its full potential.

Biology – Patterns in Nature

Biology – Pattern in Nature 1. Organisms are made of cells that have similar structural characteristics 1. 2. 1Outline the Historical development of the cell theory, in particular, the contributions of Robert Hooke and Robert Brown. †¢1665 English scientist Robert Hooke used microscope to examine thin slices of cork and saw small box-like compartments he called cells. He was first to realise plant material had organised structure at microscopic level. (compound microscope) †¢1831 Scottish Botanist Robert Brown was involved in a dispute about how pollination and fertilisation occurred in plants.During his study with orchids, he noted that ‘Each cell has a spherical structure’. He named it the nucleus of a cell. First to introduce the concept of a nucleated cell as unit of structure in plants. 1. 2. 2Describe evidence to support the cell theory. †¢Cell theory evidence accumulated over 600 years with advancement of technology with the microscope and le nses. †¢14th century Italian monks invented magnifying glass spectacles. †¢1590 first two lens/ compound microscope made by Hans and Zacharias Janssen. †¢1676 Leeuwenhoek (Dutch) saw micro organisms under a microscope in a drop of pond water. 1824 Henri Dutrochet (French) suggested that all organisms are composed of cells. †¢1838 Schleiden and Schwann (German) further advanced idea that all organisms are made of cells.Increasing evidence. E. g. first researcher to view single yeast cells budding and producing new cells. From that time on, cells regarded as building block of life. †¢1859 Rudolph Virchow (German) stated that all cells divide and that is how new cells are made. †¢1879 Walther Flemming (German) used biological stains to view cells dividing and verified the ideas of Virchow. 1. 2. Discuss the significance of technological advances to developments of cell theory †¢Middle ages- Spontaneous generation- meat + maggots, tadpoles/frogs in H20 . (Living matter arises from non-living matter. Problem= the source of new life/ eggs could not be seen, too microscopic. †¢Magnifying lens made in 1300 but not used in astronomical instruments and microscopes until 1600’s. †¢Earliest microscope was single lens. Compound was developed soon after, had 2 lens, objective and an ocular- mounted in a tube. It wasn’t until 1660’s before developed enough to be useful. †¢Eye can only be 10cm close to an object to be able to see it in focus.Closer than that the eye cannot resolve or separate small objects so blurred. Resolution= to see objects as separate and distinct. Magnifying lenses spread light rays so they strike the eye lens at a much greater angle of incidence than unaided eye. Magnification= to make things appear bigger. †¢Not much development happened for 200 years in microscope advances due to problems with chromatic aberration. †¢Schwann helped to dispel theory of spontaneous generati on by magnifying 400 times meat extracts through which hot air had passed. It was found meat was sterile. Also used microscope to trace presence of yeast in grape juice and beer.

Internationalization of Financial Markets Essay - 1

Internationalization of Financial Markets - Essay Example People adopt all these strategies to reduce the risk and allocate the resources in a strategic manner. Â  During the last 20 years, internationalization of financial markets has developed at a very swift pace. This took place due to the amalgamation of goods market leading to the presence of multinational corporations. Imports and exports volumes have increased largely leading to increasing in international transactions. All these elements have increased their presence internationally but the growth of internationalization of financial markets has gone beyond the adjustment of trade. Along with this growth, banks’ existence has also increased internationally with many new branches in new countries to satisfy the needs of customers working for multinational organizations (Horne, 1990). Â  The reason that banks have different packages for different countries is that people have different needs and trends. Some countries might have the trend of saving more and some might have investment trend depending on the current situation of the country. If there is inflation in the country, demand is high but supply is very low because the purchasing power of consumers has increased but output has not increased at the same pace. The government will increase the interest rate so that instead of spending the money people save the money and do not demand much (Welch & Liostarinen, 1993). During this period, foreigners will start saving their money in those countries’ banks. Similarly, when there is deflation in any country government will decrease the rate of interest so that people invest more to stimulate the production and prices. Â  Moreover, different countries confront different kind of natural calamities and other destructions. Insurance companies have great significance in these kinds of countries, they collect premium from people periodically and invest this money in different projects.

Invisible Man 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Invisible Man 3 - Essay Example Although it seems that in the modern society equality among races has been achieved, there remains to be a huge number of people who are represented by the main character in Invisible Man. Not only the African-American society struggles to find their own identity and value in a diverse community such as the United States, but also those from other continents of the world. Students as well as professionals from different ethnicities and culture do everything in order to make themselves fit in the American society. Social groups in different forms have started to exist in the society offering a sanctuary to those who feel neglected by other members of the community. Just like the main character in the novel, he found refuge in social groups such as the Brotherhood where he eventually though he has found his worth. However, as people become too attached to these groups, they eventually find out that this does not necessarily make them heard of their voices. In fact, the identity that they thought they had found in being a one among the members is not theirs but what the leaders of the group wanted them to be. In this reading, Ellison made it clear that embracing one’s individuality is the key to achieving peace to oneself. The desire of being accepted in the society is not achieved by seeking acceptance from other people and various social groups. The world itself is already filled with people who have prejudices among each other. Finding peace in oneself is the only key to being accepted in the society that is in itself already a

Women rights Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Women rights - Essay Example Despite making such a big portion of the human race, only about seven million women are employed while the rest do domestic work in their homes. This means that while women do an equal amount of work as men, they get less pay considering that only a small portion of them are employed (Dudden 87). This can be changed through the ballot to ensure that women get equal pay for equal work with men. The Senator also argues that there should be representation for those who pay taxes. Mrs. Jones argues against this case by saying that if that was to be the case, it would mean that other parties such as the aliens and the minors should be eligible to vote. It is, however, worth treating each of these groups individually and looking at the reasons why each of the group does not deserve a representation through the ballot. Treating all these groups wholesomely will not give the real picture as each group has its own varying reasons restricting them from being represented. As noted by Senator Owen, the woman ballot has the potential to revolutionize the world. In Colorado for instance, it ensured that political parties induced morally upright men as their candidates since women could not stand corrupt men. This shows the vital role of cleaning up the society the woman ballot had played. Mrs. Jones in her speech argues that granting the ballot to women in the suffrage states had not brought any significant benefits. The social challenges experienced before granting the ballot to women are still there. By stating so, Mrs. Jones fails to realize that the task of fighting social challenges faced by any society is a collective duty. This cannot be solely left to women just because they have been granted the ballot. Women cannot purify politics on their own. Men should equally have a hand in it (Dudden 88). Senator Owen concludes by noting that although women have been granted the ballot in Colorado, the bad women do not vote. However, the

SWAT Weapons and Vehicles Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

SWAT Weapons and Vehicles - Research Paper Example They are essential to carry out the assigned roles, and are used in varying tasks like breaking a door, to hitting a suspect with a hostage from 100 feet or maybe more. Besides the weapons, they use armored vehicles, which are strong enough to withstand small firearm bullets, and easy to maneuver aircrafts, which they use to quickly move during emergency situations. They use Armored Rescued Vehicles specifically for saving the civilians and officers whose lives get under threat by armed criminal attacks. SWAT team’s array of armored vehicles (van, tactical tracks, buses, and cars) are designed by distinguished companies e.g. Ford, General Motors among others to fit their ability and movement in rescue and barricading operations. The helicopters also support their movement in critical emergency situations, as well as rescue in rescue missions. Most local helicopters may lack proper defense, but those of the federal SWAT teams are well designed and equipped for defense against a ssaults. The establishment of this specialized unit of law enforcement can be traced back to the period of social and group unrest and increasing threats against the US, which was during the last half of the 20th century. Major political and social issues were bubbling up and in response to change, insecurity and threats became common with the increasing civil organizations’ riots and societies’ upheavals. The traditional police efforts felt inadequate to the increasing crime problem, which if mishandled, caused lots of destruction. Hence, the SWAT unit was developed to respond to such rare incidents, but it has widened its scope of operation over time. The Watts riots of 1965 in Los Angeles and the Whiteman sniper of 1966 in Texas called for more preparedness to such incidences from police departments, which influenced the formation of the 1st US SWAT unit (LAPD SWAT